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Related to constipation
Medications Induced constipation
OTC medications causing constipation
Analgesics (NSAIDs, Opioids)
Antacids (eg Calcium and Aluminium containing, bismuth)
Antihistamines (eg diphenhydramine, cetirizine)
Calcium supplements
Hematinic (especially iron)
Sucralfate
Serotonin antagonist (eg ondansetron)
Prescription medications causing constipation
Anticholinergics (eg benztropine, glycopyrrolate)
Anticonvulsants (eg carbamazepine, divalporate)
Antidepressants (specifically amitriptyline)
Antihistamines (et diphenhydramine, cetrizine)
Polysterene sodium sulfate
Antimuscarinics (eg oxybutynin, tolterodine)
Benzodiazepines (esp alprazolam and estazolam)
Sedatives (eg zolpidem, BZDs, phenobarbital)
CCBs (eg verapamil, diltiazem)
Diuretics (e.g HCZ, furesomide)
Hematinics (e.g iron)
Hyperlipidimics (eg cholestyramine, pravastatin, simvastatin)
Hypotensives (eg ACEI, beta blockers)
muscle relaxants (eg. cyclobenzaprine, metaxalane)
Opiates (eg. odeine, morphine)
Parkinsonism agents (eg. bromcriptine)
Psychotherapeuric drugs (eg phenothiazines, butyrophenones)
Disease induced constipation
Disorders of the Large Intestine, Rectum, and Anus
Anal fissure: A small tear in the anus that causes pain, leading to withholding stool and constipation.
Chronic amebiasis: A long-term parasitic infection of the intestine that can inflame the gut and disrupt normal bowel function.
Colonic inertia: Weak colon muscles that fail to move stool effectively, resulting in slow transit and constipation.
Diverticulitis: Inflammation of pouches in the colon that can narrow the passage and disrupt muscle contractions.
Hernias: A protrusion of an organ through a muscle wall that can indirectly affect bowel function by compressing nearby structures.
Internal rectal prolapse: Slipping of the rectum inside itself, which can obstruct stool passage or impair evacuation.
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): A disorder with altered bowel habits, where constipation-predominant IBS involves slowed colon motility.
Ischemic colitis: Reduced blood flow to the colon damages tissue and impairs muscle contractions needed for stool movement.
Mucosal prolapse: Slipping of the rectal lining through the anus, which can obstruct stool passage.
Pelvic floor dysfunction and lesions: Weak or uncoordinated pelvic muscles that make it difficult to expel stool effectively.
Rectocele: A bulge of the rectum into the vagina that can hinder complete stool evacuation.
Stenotic obstruction: Narrowing of the colon that physically blocks the passage of stool.
Strictures: Narrowing of the colon, often from scarring, that impedes stool movement.
Surgical stricture (end-to-end anastomosis): Narrowing at a surgical connection in the colon that obstructs stool flow.
Tumors: Growths in the colon or rectum that can obstruct the bowel.
Ulcerative proctitis: Inflammation of the rectum that disrupts normal bowel function.
Metabolic Disorders
Amyloidosis: Abnormal protein deposits that damage nerves and muscles in the intestine, impairing motility.
Diabetic ketoacidosis: Severe metabolic imbalance in diabetes that can slow down gut function.
Diabetic neuropathy: Nerve damage from diabetes that disrupts signals to the intestinal muscles.
Hypercalcemia: High calcium levels in the blood that interfere with muscle and nerve function in the colon.
Hypokalemia: Low potassium levels in the blood that impair muscle contractions in the intestine.
Hypomagnesemia: Low magnesium levels in the blood that affect muscle and nerve function in the gut.
Porphyria: Disorders affecting heme production that can disrupt nerve function and bowel motility.
Uremia: Buildup of waste products in the blood due to kidney failure that slows down digestion.
Endocrine Disorders
Pseudohypoparathyroidism: Resistance to parathyroid hormone that disrupts calcium balance and affects gut motility.
Hyperparathyroidism: Overactive parathyroid glands that cause high calcium levels and impair bowel function.
Milk-alkali syndrome: High calcium intake that can disrupt bowel motility.
Carcinomatosis: Widespread cancer that disrupts various bodily functions, including digestion.
Hypothyroidism: Underactive thyroid that slows down metabolism and gut motility.
Panhypopituitarism: Underactive pituitary gland that leads to hormone deficiencies and can affect bowel function.
Pheochromocytoma: A tumor that releases excess hormones that can disrupt gut motility.
Neurologic Disorders
Aganglionosis, or Hirschsprung’s disease: Missing nerve cells in the colon that prevent normal contractions and stool passage.
Autonomic neuropathy: Damage to nerves controlling involuntary functions that disrupts gut motility.
Paraneoplastic syndrome: Immune response to cancer that can damage nerves in the gut and impair function.
Pseudo-obstruction: Disrupted nerve or muscle coordination in the intestine that mimics a blockage.
Cauda equina tumor: A tumor pressing on nerves at the spinal cord’s base, disrupting bowel control.
Cerebrovascular accidents (Stroke): Brain damage that interferes with signals to the bowel, affecting motility.
Chagas’ disease: Parasites that damage nerves in the intestine, leading to motility problems.
Dementia: Cognitive decline that can impair awareness of the urge to defecate and coordination of bowel movements.
Ganglioneuromatosis: Abnormal nerve tissue growth in the intestine that disrupts its function.
Multiple sclerosis: A disease that damages the central nervous system and disrupts signals to the bowel.
Parkinson’s disease: A neurological disorder that affects muscle control throughout the body, including the intestines.
Shy-Drager syndrome: A degenerative neurological disorder that impairs autonomic functions, including bowel control.
Systemic sclerosis: An autoimmune disease that damages smooth muscles in the digestive tract, impairing motility.
Tumors: Growths in the brain or spinal cord that can disrupt nerve signals to the bowel.
Muscular Disorders
Dermatomyositis: Muscle inflammation that weakens intestinal muscles, impairing their ability to move stool.
Myotonic dystrophy: An inherited muscle disorder that affects smooth muscle function in the intestines.
Segmental dilatation of the colon: A widened section of the colon that loses its ability to contract effectively.
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